Technique to deposit metal-containing sidewall passivation for high aspect ratio cylinder etch

ABSTRACT

Various embodiments herein relate to methods, apparatus and systems for forming a recessed feature in a dielectric-containing stack on a semiconductor substrate. Separate etching and deposition operations are employed in a cyclic manner. Each etching operation partially etches the feature. Each deposition operation forms a protective coating (e.g., a metal-containing coating) on the sidewalls of the feature to prevent lateral etch of the dielectric material during the etching operations. The protective coating may be deposited using methods that result in formation of the protective coating along substantially the entire length of the sidewalls. The protective coating may be deposited using particular reaction mechanisms that result in substantially complete sidewall coating. Metal-containing coatings have been shown to provide particularly good resistance to lateral etch during the etching operation. In some cases, a bilayer approach may be used to deposit the protective coating on sidewalls of partially etched features.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/803,578, filed Jul. 20, 2015, and titled “TECHNIQUE TO DEPOSIT METAL-CONTAINING SIDEWALL PASSIVATION FOR HIGH ASPECT RATIO CYLINDER ETCH,” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/724,574 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,384,998), filed May 28, 2015, and titled “TECHNIQUE TO DEPOSIT SIDEWALL PASSIVATION FOR HIGH ASPECT RATIO CYLINDER ETCH,” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/560,414 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,378,971), filed Dec. 4, 2014, and titled “TECHNIQUE TO DEPOSIT SIDEWALL PASSIVATION FOR HIGH ASPECT RATIO CYLINDER ETCH,” each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

One process frequently employed during fabrication of semiconductor devices is formation of an etched cylinder in dielectric material. Example contexts where such a process may occur include, but are not limited to, memory applications such as DRAM and 3D NAND structures. As the semiconductor industry advances and device dimensions become smaller, such cylinders become increasingly harder to etch in a uniform manner, especially for high aspect ratio cylinders having narrow widths and/or deep depths.

SUMMARY

Certain embodiments herein relate to methods and apparatus for forming an etched feature in a dielectric-containing stack on a semiconductor substrate. The disclosed embodiments may utilize certain techniques to deposit a passivating material on sidewalls of the etched feature, thereby allowing etch to occur at high aspect ratios.

In one aspect of the disclosed embodiment, a method of forming an etched feature in a dielectric-containing stack is provided, the method including: (a) generating a first plasma including an etching reactant, exposing the substrate to the first plasma, and partially etching the feature in the dielectric-containing stack; (b) after (a), depositing a protective film on sidewalls of the feature, the protective film including a metal, where the protective film is deposited along substantially the entire depth of the feature; and (c) repeating (a)-(b) until the feature is etched to a final depth, where the protective film deposited in (b) substantially prevents lateral etch of the feature during (a), and where the feature has an aspect ratio of about 5 or greater at its final depth.

A number of different types of metal-containing films may be used for the protective film. In some embodiments, the protective film includes a metal nitride, a metal oxide, a metal carbide, a metal boride, or a combination thereof. In some such cases, the metal in the protective film is selected from the group consisting of tungsten, titanium, tantalum, ruthenium, aluminum, iron, hafnium, and combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the metal in the protective film is tungsten. In some implementations, the protective film includes tungsten nitride.

Various types of deposition may be used to deposit the protective film. In some embodiments, (b) includes depositing the protective film through an atomic layer deposition reaction including: (i) exposing the substrate to a first deposition reactant and allowing the first deposition reactant to adsorb onto the sidewalls of the feature; and (ii) after (i), exposing the substrate to a second deposition reactant and reacting the first and second deposition reactants in a surface reaction, thereby forming the protective film on the sidewalls of the feature. In certain embodiments, (b) does not involve plasma. In some other embodiments, (ii) further includes exposing the substrate to a second plasma including the second deposition reactant, where exposing the substrate to the second plasma drives a surface reaction between the first deposition reactant and the second deposition reactant, thereby forming the protective film on the sidewalls of the feature. In some other implementations, (b) includes depositing the protective film through a chemical vapor deposition reaction including exposing the substrate to a first deposition reactant and a second deposition reactant simultaneously. In a number of embodiments, (a) and (b) are repeated at least once.

In certain embodiments, the protective film may be formed of more than one layer. For example, in some embodiments, the protective film includes at least a first sub-layer and a second sub-layer, the first and second sub-layers being deposited under different conditions. The first and second sub-layers may have different compositions in some cases. In various embodiments, the first sub-layer may include a metal nitride, a metal oxide, a metal carbide, a metal boride, or a combination thereof, and the second sub-layer may include metal that is substantially in elemental form.

The method may be used to etch a high aspect ratio feature. In some cases, at the final depth, the feature has an aspect ratio of about 20 or greater, and a bow of about 20% or less. The method may be performed in various contexts. In some implementations, the feature is formed in the context of forming a VNAND device, and the dielectric-containing stack includes alternating layers of (i) an oxide material, and (ii) a nitride material or polysilicon material. In some other implementations, the feature is formed in the context of forming a DRAM device, and the dielectric-containing stack includes layers of silicon oxide and one or more layers of silicon nitride.

In another aspect of the disclosed embodiments, an apparatus for forming an etched feature in a dielectric-containing stack on a semiconductor substrate is provided, the apparatus including: one or more reaction chambers, where at least one reaction chamber is designed or configured to perform etching, and where at least one reaction chamber is designed or configured to perform deposition, each reaction chamber including: an inlet for introducing process gases to the reaction chamber, and an outlet for removing material from the reaction chamber, and a controller having instructions for: (a) generating a first plasma including an etching reactant, exposing the substrate to the first plasma, and partially etching the feature in the dielectric-containing stack, where (a) is performed in the reaction chamber designed or configured to perform etching; (b) after (a), depositing a protective film on sidewalls of the feature, where the protective film is a metal-containing film deposited along substantially the entire depth of the feature, and where (b) is performed in the reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition; and (c) repeating (a)-(b) until the feature is etched to a final depth, where the protective film deposited in (b) substantially prevents lateral etch of the feature during (a), and where the feature has an aspect ratio of about 5 or greater at its final depth.

In some embodiments the reaction chamber designed or configured to perform etching is the same reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition, such that both (a) and (b) occur in the same reaction chamber. In some other embodiments the reaction chamber designed or configured to perform etching is different from the reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition, and the controller further includes instructions to transfer the substrate under vacuum conditions between the reaction chamber designed or configured to perform etching and the reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition.

In certain implementations, the controller has instructions to perform (b) by: (i) depositing a first sub-layer of the protective film on sidewalls of the feature, and (ii) depositing a second sub-layer of the protective film on the first sub-layer of the protective film, the first and second sub-layers each including a metal nitride, metal carbide, metal oxide, metal boride, a metal in substantially elemental form, or some combination thereof. The first sub-layer of the protective layer may include a metal nitride, metal carbide, metal oxide, metal boride, or some combination thereof, and the second sub-layer of the protective layer may include a metal in substantially elemental form. In certain embodiments, the apparatus includes two or more reaction chambers designed or configured to perform deposition, and the controller has instructions to deposit the first sub-layer in a first reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition, and to deposit the second sub-layer in a second reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition, and to transfer the substrate from the first reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition to the second reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition.

These and other features will be described below with reference to the associated drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an etched cylinder having an undesirable bow due to over-etching of the sidewalls.

FIG. 2A presents a flowchart for a method of forming an etched feature on a semiconductor substrate according to various disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 2B presents a flowchart for a method of depositing a protective film on sidewalls of a partially etched feature according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 2C presents a flowchart for a method of forming an etched feature on a semiconductor substrate according to embodiments where a protective sidewall coating is deposited as a bilayer.

FIGS. 3A-3D depict etched cylinders in a semiconductor substrate as the cylinders are cyclically etched and coated with a protective sidewall coating according to various embodiments.

FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate a reaction chamber that may be used to perform the etching processes described herein according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 5 depicts a reaction chamber that may be used to perform the deposition processes described herein according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 6 shows a multi-station apparatus that may be used to perform the deposition processes in certain implementations.

FIG. 7 presents a cluster tool that may be used to practice both deposition and etching according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 8A shows experimental results illustrating the thickness of a tungsten nitride protective sidewall coating at different aspect ratios within a feature.

FIG. 8B presents experimental results showing the etch depth vs. time using different methods to etch the features.

FIG. 8C presents experimental results showing the maximum critical dimension achieved for various etch depths using different methods to etch the features.

FIG. 9 illustrates experimental results showing the critical dimension vs. depth in a feature using different methods to etch the features.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In this application, the terms “semiconductor wafer,” “wafer,” “substrate,” “wafer substrate,” and “partially fabricated integrated circuit” are used interchangeably. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the term “partially fabricated integrated circuit” can refer to a silicon wafer during any of many stages of integrated circuit fabrication thereon. A wafer or substrate used in the semiconductor device industry typically has a diameter of 200 mm, or 300 mm, or 450 mm. The following detailed description assumes the invention is implemented on a wafer. However, the invention is not so limited. The work piece may be of various shapes, sizes, and materials. In addition to semiconductor wafers, other work pieces that may take advantage of this invention include various articles such as printed circuit boards, magnetic recording media, magnetic recording sensors, mirrors, optical elements, micro-mechanical devices and the like.

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the presented embodiments. The disclosed embodiments may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well-known process operations have not been described in detail to not unnecessarily obscure the disclosed embodiments. While the disclosed embodiments will be described in conjunction with the specific embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the disclosed embodiments.

I. Technology for Etching High Aspect Ratio Features in a Dielectric Material

Fabrication of certain semiconductor devices involves etching features into a dielectric material or materials. The dielectric material may be a single layer of material or a stack of materials. In some cases a stack includes alternating layers of dielectric material (e.g., silicon nitride and silicon oxide). One example etched feature is a cylinder, which may have a high aspect ratio. As the aspect ratio of such features continues to increase, it is increasingly challenging to etch the features into dielectric materials. One problem that arises during etching of high aspect ratio features is a non-uniform etching profile. In other words, the features do not etch in a straight downward direction. Instead, the sidewalls of the features are often bowed such that a middle portion of the etched feature is wider (i.e., further etched) than a top and/or bottom portion of the feature. This over-etching near the middle portion of the features can result in compromised structural and/or electronic integrity of the remaining material. The portion of the feature that bows outwards may occupy a relatively small portion of the total feature depth, or a relatively larger portion. The portion of the feature that bows outward is where the critical dimension (CD) of the feature is at its maximum. The critical dimension corresponds to the diameter of the feature at a given spot. It is generally desirable for the maximum CD of the feature to be about the same as the CD elsewhere in the feature, for example at or near the bottom of the feature.

Without being bound by any theory or mechanism of action, it is believed that the over-etching at the middle portion of the cylinder or other feature occurs at least partially because the sidewalls of the cylinder are insufficiently protected from etching. Conventional etch chemistry utilizes fluorocarbon etchants to form the cylinders in the dielectric material. The fluorocarbon etchants are excited by plasma exposure, which results in the formation of various fluorocarbon fragments including, for example, CF, CF₂, and CF₃. Reactive fluorocarbon fragments etch away the dielectric material at the bottom of a feature (e.g., cylinder) with the assistance of ions. Other fluorocarbon fragments are deposited on the sidewalls of the cylinder being etched, thereby forming a protective polymeric sidewall coating. This protective sidewall coating promotes preferential etching at the bottom of the feature as opposed to the sidewalls of the feature. Without this sidewall protection, the feature begins to assume a non-uniform profile, with a wider etch/cylinder width where the sidewall protection is inadequate.

Sidewall protection is especially difficult to achieve in high aspect ratio features. One reason for this difficulty is that existing fluorocarbon-based processes cannot form the protective polymeric sidewall coating deep in the cylinder being etched. FIG. 1 presents a figure of a cylinder 102 being etched in a dielectric material 103 coated with a patterned mask layer 106. While the following discussion sometimes refers to cylinders, the concepts apply to other feature shapes such as rectangles and other polygons. A protective polymeric sidewall coating 104 is concentrated near the top portion of the cylinder 102. C_(x)F_(y) chemistry provides both the etch reactant(s) for etching the cylinder vertically, as well as the reactant(s) that form the protective polymeric sidewall coating 104. Because the protective polymeric sidewall coating 104 does not extend deep into the cylinder (i.e., there is insufficient deposition on the sidewall), the middle portion of the cylinder 102 becomes wider than the top portion of the cylinder 102. The wider middle portion of the cylinder 102 is referred to as the bow 105. The bow can be numerically described in terms of a comparison between the critical dimension of the feature at the bow region and the critical dimension of the feature below the bow region. The bow may be numerically reported in terms of distance (e.g., the critical dimension at the widest part of the feature minus the critical dimension at the narrowest part of the feature below the bow) or in terms of a ratio/percent (the critical dimension at the widest part of the feature divided by the critical dimension at the narrowest part of the feature below the bow). This bow 105, and the related non-uniform etch profile, is undesirable. Because of the high ion energies often used in this type of etching process, bows are often created when etching cylinders of high aspect ratios. In some applications, bows are created even at aspect ratios as low as about 5. As such, conventional fluorocarbon etch chemistry is typically limited to forming relatively low aspect ratio cylinders in dielectric materials. Some modern applications require cylinders having higher aspect ratios than those that can be achieved with conventional etch chemistry.

II. Context and Applications

In various embodiments herein, features are etched in a substrate (typically a semiconductor wafer) having dielectric material on the surface. The etching processes are generally plasma-based etching processes. The overall feature formation process may occur in stages: one stage directed at etching the dielectric material and another stage directed at forming a protective sidewall coating without substantially etching the dielectric material. The protective sidewall coating passivates the sidewalls and prevents the feature from being over-etched (i.e., the sidewall coating prevents lateral etch of the feature).

In a number of embodiments herein, the protective sidewall coating is a metal-containing film. Metal-containing films have been shown to provide improved etch resistance/sidewall protection compared to other types of film such as silicon oxide, boron nitride, and hydrocarbon polymers. Experimental results illustrating the improved etch results are shown in the Experimental section below.

Metal-containing films can be advantageous as protective sidewall coatings because some such films have a higher electrical conductivity, as compared to dielectric films. Without being limited to the following explanations, it is believed that higher electrical conductivity reduces the risk of experiencing unwanted electrical charging effects within the partially etched feature during the etch process. During an etch process, a potential difference can develop between the top and bottom of a partially etched feature. This potential difference may act to repel ions such that a percentage of the ions do not travel as desired to the bottom of a feature. For example, ions that would otherwise travel to the bottom of a feature may be repelled either (a) away from the feature, such that the ion does not etch the feature, or (b) into a sidewall of the feature, such that the sidewall becomes over-etched, leading to an undesirable bow in the feature and a reduced vertical etch rate. By contrast, where a more conductive metal-containing film is used as a protective sidewall coating, the more conductive film may enable charges within the feature to dissipate such that there is no potential difference (or only a minimal potential difference) between different portions of the recessed feature during etching. This reduces the likelihood that ions will be undesirably repelled, leading to an improved profile and increased vertical etch rate.

Another reason that metal-containing films might be beneficial in various implementations is that they can provide a different sidewall surface, as compared to other types of sidewall protection films, during the etching operation. This may lead to different surface chemical reactivity and catalysis on the sidewall surfaces during etching. One result may be that the set of species that reach the bottom of the feature is different than the set of species that would reach the bottom of the feature using other types of protective sidewall films. For example, a metal-containing film may result in a different speciation of neutral atoms and molecules reaching the bottom of the feature, which may have positive impacts in terms of etch rate, etch profile, striations, and distortion.

Further, metal-containing films may be deposited with a high degree of conformality in many cases. Various metal-containing films can be deposited with higher conformality than silicon oxide and many other silicon-containing and boron-containing films. This improved conformality is advantageous at least because it decreases the likelihood that the top of the feature will become blocked during the deposition stages. As used herein, conformality may be calculated as T₁/T₂, where T₁ is the thickness of the film (e.g., the protective sidewall coating) at the thinnest portion of the film and T₂ is the thickness of the film at the thickest portion of the film (both thicknesses being measured along the sidewall). For example, a protective sidewall coating deposited along the entire length of a sidewall and having a thickness that ranges between about 5-8 nm has a conformality of about 0.625 or 62.5%. In various embodiments herein, a metal-containing film used as a protective sidewall coating may be deposited at a conformality that is at least about 0.3.

The two main processing stages (etching and deposition) can be repeated until the feature is etched to its final depth. By cycling these two stages, the diameter of the feature can be controlled over the entire depth of the feature, thereby forming features having more uniform diameters/improved profiles.

A feature is a recess in the surface of a substrate. Features can have many different shapes including, but not limited to, cylinders, rectangles, squares, other polygonal recesses, trenches, etc.

Aspect ratios are a comparison of the depth of a feature to the critical dimension of the feature (often its width/diameter). For example, a cylinder having a depth of 2 μm and a width of 50 nm has an aspect ratio of 40:1, often stated more simply as 40. Since the feature may have a non-uniform critical dimension over the depth of the feature, the aspect ratio can vary depending on where it is measured. For instance, sometimes an etched cylinder may have a middle portion that is wider than the top and bottom portions. This wider middle section may be referred to as the bow, as noted above. An aspect ratio measured based on the critical dimension at the top of the cylinder (i.e., the neck) would be higher than an aspect ratio measured based on the critical dimension at the wider middle/bow of the cylinder. As used herein, aspect ratios are measured based on the critical dimension proximate the opening of the feature, unless otherwise stated.

The features formed through the disclosed methods may be high aspect ratio features. In some applications, a high aspect ratio feature is one having an aspect ratio of at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 80, or at least about 100. The critical dimension of the features formed through the disclosed methods may be about 200 nm or less, for example about 100 nm or less, about 50 nm or less, or about 20 nm or less.

The material into which the feature is etched may be a dielectric material in various cases. Example materials include, but are not limited to, silicon oxides, silicon nitrides, silicon carbides, oxynitrides, oxycarbides, carbo-nitrides, doped versions of these materials (e.g., doped with boron, phosphorus, etc.), and laminates from any combinations of these materials. Particular example materials include stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric formulations of SiO₂, SiN, SiON, SiOC, SiCN, etc. The material or materials that are etched may also include additional elements, including but not limited to hydrogen. In some embodiments, a nitride and/or an oxide material being etched will have a composition that includes hydrogen. As used herein, it is understood that silicon oxide materials, silicon nitride materials, etc. include both stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric versions of such materials, and that such materials may have other elements included, as described above.

One application for the disclosed methods is in the context of forming a DRAM device. In this case, the feature may be etched primarily in silicon oxide. The substrate may also include one, two, or more layers of silicon nitride, for instance. In one example, a substrate includes a silicon oxide layer sandwiched between two silicon nitride layers, with the silicon oxide layer being between about 800-1200 nm thick and one or more of the silicon nitride layers being between about 300-400 nm thick. The etched feature may be a cylinder having a final depth between about 1-3 μm, for example between about 1.5-2 μm. The cylinder may have a width between about 20-50 nm, for example between about 25-30 nm. After the cylinder is etched, a capacitor memory cell can be formed therein.

Another application for the disclosed methods is in the context of forming a vertical NAND (VNAND, also referred to as 3D NAND) device. In this case, the material into which the feature is etched may have a repeating layered structure. For instance, the material may include alternating layers of oxide (e.g., SiO₂) and nitride (e.g., SiN), or alternating layers of oxide (e.g., SiO₂) and polysilicon. The alternating layers form pairs of materials. In some cases, the number of pairs may be at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 60, or at least about 70. The oxide layers may have a thickness between about 20-50 nm, for example between about 30-40 nm. The nitride or polysilicon layers may have a thickness between about 20-50 nm, for example between about 30-40 nm. The feature etched into the alternating layer may have a depth between about 2-6 μm, for example between about 3-5 μm. The feature may have a width between about 50-150 nm, for example between about 50-100 nm.

III. Etching/Deposition Process

FIG. 2A presents a flowchart for a method of forming an etched feature in a semiconductor substrate. The operations shown in FIG. 2A are described in relation to FIGS. 3A-3D, which show a partially fabricated semiconductor substrate as the feature is etched. The operations are also described in relation to FIG. 2B, which presents one option for a method of depositing a protective sidewall coating. At operation 201, a feature 302 is etched to a first depth in a substrate having dielectric material 303 and a patterned mask layer 306. This first depth is only a fraction of the final desired depth of the feature. The chemistry used to etch the feature may be a fluorocarbon-based chemistry (C_(x)F_(y)). Other etch chemistries may be used. This etching operation 201 may result in formation of a first sidewall coating 304. The first sidewall coating 304 may be a polymeric sidewall coating, as described with relation to FIG. 1. The first sidewall coating 304 extends toward the first depth, though in many cases the first sidewall coating 304 does not actually reach the bottom of the feature 302.

The first sidewall coating 304 indirectly forms from the C_(x)F_(y) etching chemistry as certain fluorocarbon species/fragments deposit on the sidewalls of the feature (i.e., certain fluorocarbon species are precursors for the first sidewall coating 304). One reason that the first sidewall coating 304 does not reach the bottom of the feature 302 may relate to the sticking coefficient of the precursors that form the coating. In particular, it is believed that for certain etchants the sticking coefficient of these first sidewall coating precursors is too high, which causes the substantial majority of the precursor molecules to attach to the sidewalls soon after entering the feature. As such, few sidewall coating precursor molecules are able to penetrate deep into the feature where sidewall protection is beneficial. The first sidewall coating 304 therefore provides only partial protection against over-etching of the sidewalls of the feature 302. In some implementations, the etch conditions provide little if any sidewall protection.

Next, at operation 203 the etching process is stopped. After the etching is stopped, a second sidewall coating 310 is deposited in operation 205. In some cases, the second sidewall coating 310 may be effectively the first sidewall coating. This deposition may occur through various reaction mechanisms including, but not limited to, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods and atomic layer deposition (ALD) methods (either of which may or may not be plasma-assisted). ALD methods are particularly well suited for forming conformal films that line the sidewalls of the features. For instance, ALD methods are useful for delivering reactants deep into features due to the adsorption-driven nature of such methods. While the embodiments herein are not limited to methods in which the second sidewall coating 310 is deposited through ALD, the method chosen to deposit the second sidewall coating 310 should allow for the protective layer to be formed deep in the etched feature 302. CVD and other deposition processes may be suitable in various implementations, particularly where the deposition can be carried out in a conformal manner.

As mentioned above, in a number of implementations the second sidewall coating 310 may be a metal-containing film. Metal-containing films have been shown to provide improved etch resistance/sidewall protection compared to other types of films such as silicon oxide. Example metals that may be included in a metal-containing film include, but are not limited to, tungsten, titanium, ruthenium, tantalum, aluminum, iron, and hafnium. The metal-containing film may further include one or more of nitrogen, carbon, boron, oxygen, and hydrogen. In some embodiments, the metal containing film is metallic as in the case of an elemental metal.

In various cases, the second sidewall coating 310 may be formed through a cyclic process resulting in a conformal film. In one embodiment where the second sidewall coating 310 is deposited through plasma assisted ALD methods, the deposition in operation 205 may include (a) flowing a low sticking coefficient reactant into the reaction chamber and allowing the reactant to adsorb onto the surface of the substrate, thereby forming an adsorbed precursor layer 312; (b) optionally purging the reaction chamber (e.g., by sweeping with a purge gas, evacuating the reaction chamber, or both); (c) exposing the substrate to a plasma generated from an oxygen-containing and/or nitrogen-containing reactant (often provided with hydrogen, as well) to thereby drive a surface reaction to form a layer of the second sidewall coating 310 (this second sidewall coating 310 is typically an etch resistant film); (d) optionally purging the reaction chamber; and (e) repeating (a)-(d) to form additional layers of the second sidewall coating 310. The adsorbed precursor layer 312 is shown in FIG. 3B, and the second sidewall coating 310 is shown in FIG. 3C. The precursor adsorption (FIG. 3B) and film formation (FIG. 3C) may be cycled a number of times to form a film having a desired thickness.

FIG. 2B presents a flowchart for a method of depositing a film using ALD methods according to certain embodiments. The film may be a protective sidewall coating such as the second sidewall coating 310 of FIGS. 3C and 3D. The method 250 begins at operation 251 where a first reactant is flowed into the reaction chamber and allowed to adsorb onto the substrate. In various cases, the first reactant may be adsorbed to a degree that is less than fully saturated. In some other cases, the first reactant may be adsorbed until it reaches a substantially fully saturated state. Next, at operation 253 the reaction chamber may be optionally purged. The purge may include evacuating the chamber and/or sweeping the chamber with a non-reactive gas. When used, the purge may help avoid unwanted gas phase reactions between the first and second reactants. At operation 255, the second reactant is flowed into the reaction chamber and reacts with the first reactant on the substrate to form a protective film on the substrate.

In some embodiments, operation 255 occurs while plasma is present in the reaction chamber. Such methods may be referred to as plasma assisted atomic layer deposition methods or plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition methods. Where plasma is present in operation 255, the plasma energy may drive the reaction between the first and second reactants. In some other embodiments, operation 255 is accomplished without introducing plasma into the reaction chamber. In such implementations, the reaction between the first and second reactants may be driven by thermal energy. Often, the substrate is maintained at a relatively higher temperature where the reaction is driven by thermal energy, as opposed to plasma energy. The reaction in operation 255 is typically a surface reaction, not a gas phase reaction.

After the first and second reactants react with one another in operation 255, the reaction chamber may be optionally purged in operation 257. As with the purge in operation 253, the purge in operation 257 may occur through evacuating and/or sweeping the reaction chamber. At operation 259, it is determined whether the protective film has reached a sufficient thickness. Because each iteration of operations 251-257 results in deposition of a very thin (e.g., monolayer) of material, many iterations/cycles are typically used to build film thickness. Where the film is not yet sufficiently thick, the method continues at operation 251 where the first reactant is again introduced into the reaction chamber. Where the film has reached its final thickness, the method is complete and the deposition can be stopped.

In a number of embodiments herein, the first reactant is a metal-containing reactant such that the film formed in operation 255 is a metal-containing film. The second reactant may be a nitrogen-containing reactant and the protective film may be a metal nitride. The second reactant may be a boron-containing reactant and the protective film may be a metal boride. The second reactant may be a carbon-containing reactant and the protective film may be a metal carbide. The second reactant may be an oxygen-containing reactant and the protective film may be a metal oxide. In some cases, the second reactant may contain two or more of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and boron, and the protective film may include metal and two or more of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and boron. In some particular cases, the first reactant may be a metal-containing reactant and the second reactant may be any reactant that reacts with the first reactant to form a metal film. A certain degree of hydrogen or other elements may be incorporated into the metal film. In another particular embodiment, the protective layer may be deposited as two sub-layers having different compositions, as discussed further below with respect to FIG. 2C.

In some implementations, a protective layer may be a metal-containing polymer. The metal-containing polymer may be formed through a molecular layer deposition (MLD) reaction as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/724,574, incorporated by reference above. In some embodiments, a metal-containing polymer may be formed from a combination of an organic metal precursor and a diamine. In some other implementations, a protective layer may be a metal-containing polymer formed from a combination of an organic metal precursor and a diol.

Because the protective sidewall coating forms conformally, thereby coating both the sidewalls and the bottom of the partially etched feature, the film formed should be resistant to mechanisms/conditions promoting lateral etch, and less resistant to mechanisms/conditions promoting vertical etch. This ensures that the sidewalls can be protected and that the etch process can continue to etch the feature deeper into the substrate after deposition of the protective sidewall coating. Protective sidewall coatings that are too resistant to vertical etch can undesirably function as an etch stop (preventing the feature from being etched further into the substrate), which is not desired. To this end, metal-containing films that form volatile species when exposed to fluorocarbon etch chemistry (e.g., the fluorocarbon etch chemistry used in the etching operations 201 and 211) may be particularly advantageous. Such volatile byproducts may form at the bottom of a partially etched feature when the feature is first subject to etching after deposition of a protective sidewall coating. Where the byproducts are volatile, they have a better chance of escaping from the partially etched feature, as opposed to becoming stuck on the feature sidewalls, for instance. Tungsten-containing films, titanium-containing films, and ruthenium-containing films may be particularly advantageous with respect to the etching chemistry and formation of volatile byproducts. Therefore, in certain embodiments, a protective sidewall coating (or a sub-layer therein) may include a metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten, titanium, ruthenium, and combinations thereof. The protective sidewall coating may be a metal layer, an oxide layer, a nitride layer, a carbide layer, a boride layer, or some combination thereof.

Returning to FIG. 2A, in another embodiment the second sidewall coating 310 may be deposited through CVD methods. In this case, the deposition in operation 205 may include flowing a reactant into the reaction chamber, optionally with a co-reactant (e.g., an oxygen-containing reactant, nitrogen-containing reactant, carbon-containing reactant, a boron-containing reactant, etc., optionally provided with hydrogen), while exposing the substrate to plasma. The plasma drives a gas phase reaction that results in deposition of the second sidewall coating 310. In this example, the method is represented by FIGS. 3A, 3C, and 3D (no adsorbed precursor layer 312 is formed, thus FIG. 3B is omitted).

In some embodiments, one or more of the reactants used to deposit the second sidewall coating 310 may have a particularly low sticking coefficient and/or loss coefficient. Sticking coefficient is a term used to describe the ratio of the number of adsorbate species (e.g., atoms or molecules) that adsorb/stick to a surface compared to the total number of species that impinge upon that surface during the same period of time. The symbol S_(c) is sometimes used to refer to the sticking coefficient. The value of S_(c) is between 0 (meaning that none of the species stick) and 1 (meaning that all of the impinging species stick). Various factors affect the sticking coefficient including the type of impinging species, surface temperature, surface coverage, structural details of the surface, and the kinetic energy of the impinging species. Certain species are inherently more “sticky” than others, making them more likely to adsorb onto a surface each time the specie impinges on the surface. These more sticky species have greater sticking coefficients (all other factors being equal), and are more likely to adsorb near the entrance of a recessed feature compared to less sticky species having lower sticking coefficients. The fluorocarbon species such as those employed in conventional etch processes (and may form the first protective coating 304) have relatively high sticking coefficients, and therefore become concentrated near the top of the feature 302 where they first impinge upon the sidewalls. By comparison, species having lower sticking coefficients, even if they impinge upon the surface near the top of the sidewalls, are less likely to adsorb during each impact, and therefore have a greater probability of reaching the bottom portion of the feature 302.

Adsorption-based ALD methods are particularly suited for forming a second sidewall coating that reaches the bottom of an etched feature because the reactant can be delivered until it substantially coats the entire sidewalls of the feature. The reactant does not build up near the top of the feature since only a monolayer of reactant typically adsorbs onto the surface during each cycle. Further, thermal deposition methods (as opposed to plasma deposition methods) are particularly advantageous because they generally achieve more uniform deposition results across the substrate, and more conformal results within a feature. However, both ALD and CVD methods, whether performed as thermal or plasma based deposition methods, are within the scope of the disclosed embodiments.

Returning to FIG. 2A, the method continues at operation 207 where the deposition process is stopped. The method then repeats the operations of partially etching a feature in the substrate (operation 211, analogous to operation 201), stopping the etch (operation 213, analogous to operation 203), depositing protective coating on sidewalls of the partially etched features (operation 215, analogous to operation 205), and stopping the deposition (operation 217, analogous to operation 207). Next, at operation 219, it is determined whether the feature is fully etched. If the feature is not fully etched, the method repeats from operation 211 with additional etching and deposition of protective coatings. Once the feature is fully etched, the method is complete.

In various embodiments, the etching operation 201 and the protective sidewall coating deposition operation 205 are cyclically repeated a number of times. For instance, these operations may each occur at least twice (as shown in FIG. 2A), for example at least about three times, or at least about 5 times. In some cases, the number of cycles (each cycle including etching operation 201 and protective sidewall coating deposition operation 205, with etching operation 211 and deposition operation 215 counting as a second cycle) is between about 2-10, for example between about 2-5. Each time the etching operation occurs, the etch depth increases. The distance etched may be uniform between cycles, or it may be non-uniform. In certain embodiments, the distance etched in each cycle decreases as additional etches are performed (i.e., later performed etching operations may etch less extensively than earlier performed etching operations). The thickness of the second sidewall coating 310 deposited in each deposition operation 205 may be uniform between cycles, or the thickness of such coatings may vary. Example thicknesses for the second sidewall coating 310 during each cycle may range between about 1-10 nm, for example between about 3-5 nm. Further, the type of coating that is formed may be uniform between the cycles, or it may vary. In one example, a boron nitride sidewall coating is formed during a first cycle of operation 205, and a boron oxide sidewall coating is formed during a second cycle of operation 205. In some embodiments, the protective sidewall coating deposited in operations 205 and/or 215 may be deposited as a bilayer, as discussed in relation to FIG. 2C. The sub-layers of the bilayer may have different compositions.

FIG. 2C presents a flowchart for a method of etching a feature into a substrate using a multi-step process similar to that described in FIG. 2A. For the sake of brevity, only the differences will be described. The method of FIG. 2C differs from that of FIG. 2A in that the protective coating deposited on the sidewalls of partially etched features (e.g., in operations 205 and 215) is deposited as a bilayer. The bilayer includes materials that are deposited during the deposition steps, and does not include materials that may build up on the sidewalls during the etching steps. The bilayer includes two sub-layers that differ in some respect. Each of the sub-layers of the bilayer is deposited conformally. In various cases, the first sub-layer may be deposited before the second sub-layer, and may be deposited under different conditions than the second sub-layer. Such conditions may relate to substrate temperature, the use of plasma, plasma power and/or frequency, reactants, flow rates, pressure, dose times, purge times, etc. Each sub-layer may be deposited according to the methods described herein. In some cases, one or both of the sub-layers may be deposited using ALD methods. In such cases, the sub-layer(s) deposited through ALD may be deposited according to the method 250 shown in FIG. 2B.

In a number of cases, the first sub-layer may have a different composition than the second sub-layer. For example, the first sub-layer may be a metal nitride, metal carbide, metal boride, a metal oxide, etc., and the second sub-layer may be a metal layer. The second sub-layer may also be a metal nitride, metal carbide, metal boride, metal oxide, etc., having a different composition than the first sub-layer. The bilayer approach may be particularly beneficial in that the protective layer can be deposited to achieve a number of characteristics. For example, a first sub-layer may be deposited to achieve smooth coverage and/or high quality adhesion to the underlying layer (due to characteristics of the first sub-layer), and a second sub-layer may be deposited to achieve high quality sidewall protection (due to characteristics of the second sub-layer). For instance, in some cases a metal film exhibits high quality sidewall protection properties, but is difficult to deposit directly on the sidewalls. Such difficulty may relate to the properties of the material defining the sidewalls after the feature is partially etched. In such cases, it may be beneficial to deposit the protective sidewall film to include two sub-layers: a metal-containing first sub-layer that can be easily deposited on the sidewalls after etching, and a metal-containing second sub-layer that can be easily deposited on the first sub-layer, and that provides high quality sidewall protection during etching. The first and/or second sub-layers may be metal nitrides, metal oxides, metal carbides, metal borides, or elemental metals. Other elements (including but not limited to hydrogen) may be also be present in the sub-layers.

In some embodiments, the first sub-layer is a metal nitride, metal carbide, metal oxide, or metal boride, and the second sub-layer is a metal that is substantially in elemental form (as used herein, the phrase substantially in elemental form means at least about 90% (atomic) elemental metal). Where metal is present in both the first and second sub-layers, the metal in the first sub-layer may be the same or different from the metal in the second sub-layer. In a particular embodiment, the first sub-layer is tungsten nitride and the second sub-layer is tungsten.

As mentioned, one or more of the sub-layers may be deposited through ALD, for example according to method 250 of FIG. 2B. In one example, the first sub-layer is deposited through method 250 using a first set of deposition conditions, and the second sub-layer is deposited on the first sub-layer through method 250 using a second set of deposition conditions, where at least one deposition condition is different between the first and second set of deposition conditions. In various cases, the first and second sub-layers are deposited using a different set of reactants. The first and second sub-layers may be deposited in the same reaction chamber or in different reaction chambers. Either or both of the first and second sub-layers may be deposited in the same reaction chamber used to practice the etching operations described herein. In a particular embodiment, a first reaction chamber is used to perform etching, a second reaction chamber is used to deposit the first sub-layer, and a third reaction chamber is used to deposit the second sub-layer. The various reaction chambers may be provided in separate tools, or in a single tool, for example one having a cluster architecture including an appropriate vacuum transfer module to ensure that all processing can be done without exposing the substrate to the atmosphere. In some implementations, a reaction chamber used to deposit a metal-containing film (e.g., a metal nitride, metal carbide, metal boride, or metal oxide) may be a reactor from the ALTUS® family of products (including but not limited to the ALTUS® DirectFill™ Max) available from Lam Research Corporation of Fremont, Calif. In these or other implementations, a reaction chamber used to deposit a metal film (e.g., tungsten, titanium, ruthenium, tantalum, aluminum, iron, hafnium, etc.) may be a reactor from the ALTUS® family of products (including but not limited to the ALTUS® ICE), also available from Lam Research Corporation.

The first and second sub-layers may be deposited to particular thicknesses. In some examples, the first sub-layer may be deposited (during each iteration of operation 205 and 215) to a thickness between about 0.3-5 nm, for example between about 1-3 nm. In these or other cases, the second sub-layer may be deposited to a thickness between about 0.3-5 nm, for example between about 1-3 nm. The overall thickness of the bilayer may be between about 0.6-10 nm, for example between about 0.6-8 nm.

In further embodiments, the protective sidewall coating may be deposited as a layer having three or more sub-layers. Each of the sub-layers may be deposited conformally, through any of the methods and using any of the protective sidewall coating materials described herein.

The etching operation 201 and the deposition operation 205 may occur in the same reaction chamber or in different reaction chambers. In one example, the etching operation 201 occurs in a first reaction chamber and the deposition operation 205 occurs in a second reaction chamber, with the first and second reaction chambers together forming a multi-chamber processing apparatus such as a cluster tool. Loadlocks and other appropriate vacuum seals may be provided for transferring the substrate between the relevant chambers in certain cases. The substrate may be transferred by a robot arm or other mechanical structure. A reaction chamber used for etching may be a Flex™ reaction chamber, for example from the 2300® Flex™ product family available from Lam Research Corporation of Fremont, Calif. A reaction chamber used for deposition may be chamber from the Vector® product family or the Altus® product family, both available from Lam Research Corporation. The use of a combined reactor for both etching and deposition may be beneficial in certain embodiments as the need to transfer the substrate is avoided. The use of different reactors for etching and deposition may be beneficial in other embodiments where it is desired that the reactors are particularly optimized for each operation. The relevant reaction chambers are discussed further below.

As noted, the deposition operation helps optimize the etching operation by forming a deeply penetrating protective layer that minimizes or prevents lateral etch of the feature during the etching operation. This promotes formation of etched features having very vertical sidewalls with little or no bowing. In certain implementations, a final etched feature having an aspect ratio of at least about 80 has a bow less than about 60% (measured as the widest critical dimension-narrowest critical dimension below that/narrowest critical dimension below that*100). For example, a feature having a widest CD of 50 nm and a narrowest CD of 40 nm (the 40 nm CD being positioned below the 50 nm CD in the feature) has a bow of 25% (100*(50 nm−40 nm)/40 nm=25%). In another implementation, a final etched feature having an aspect ratio of at least about 40 has a bow less than about 20%.

After the feature is etched to its final depth, it may be beneficial in certain implementations to remove any remaining sidewall coating before further processing steps. The sidewall coating is typically removed via a wet clean process. The wet clean process may involve applying a liquid cleaning agent such as an oxidizing acid or organic/aqueous mixture to the substrate to remove any residue from the protective sidewall coating. The residue removal may be relatively more difficult where the protective sidewall coating is a metal-containing film, as opposed to other protective film types such as silicon oxide, boron nitride, or hydrocarbon polymer.

Sidewall residues may be removed to facilitate/enable further processing steps. In the context of forming a DRAM device, a metal sleeve is typically deposited on the sidewalls of the fully etched cylinder to form a capacitor. Any residue from a protective sidewall coating can get in the way of this metal sleeve, and can make it difficult to form the metal sleeve as a smooth surface with the targeted properties. In the context of forming a VNAND device having alternating layers of oxide and nitride (an ONON VNAND device), the nitride layers are typically removed through a wet chemistry process. Sidewall residues can make this nitride removal much more difficult. In the context of forming a VNAND device having alternating layers of oxide and polysilicon (an OPOP VNAND device), sidewall residues may deleteriously affect the process/results related to filling the etched feature. In any case, it is generally desirable to remove sidewall residues after the feature is etched to its final depth.

IV. Materials and Parameters of the Process Operations A. Substrate

The methods disclosed herein are particularly useful for etching semiconductor substrates having dielectric materials thereon. Example dielectric materials include silicon oxides, silicon nitrides, silicon carbides, oxynitrides, oxycarbides, carbo-nitrides, doped versions of these materials (e.g., doped with boron, phosphorus, etc.), and laminates from any combinations of these materials. Particular example materials include stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric formulations of SiO₂, SiN, SiON, SiOC, SiCN, etc. As noted above, the dielectric material that is etched may include more than one type/layer of material. In particular cases, the dielectric material may be provided in alternating layers of SiN and SiO₂ or alternating layers of polysilicon and SiO₂. Further details are provided above. The substrate may have an overlying mask layer that defines where the features are to be etched. In certain cases, the mask layer is Si, and it may have a thickness between about 500-1500 nm. Carbon-based mask layers may also be used in various cases.

B. Etching Process

In various embodiments, the etching process is a reactive ion etch process that involves flowing a chemical etchant into a reaction chamber (often through a showerhead), generating a plasma from, inter alia, the etchant, and exposing a substrate to the plasma. The plasma dissociates the etchant compound(s) into neutral species and ion species (e.g., charged or neutral materials such as CF, CF₂ and CF₃). The plasma is a capacitively coupled plasma in many cases, though other types of plasma may be used as appropriate. Ions in the plasma are directed toward the wafer and cause the dielectric material to be etched away upon impact.

Example apparatus that may be used to perform the etching process include the 2300® FLEX™ product family of reactive ion etch reactors available from Lam Research Corporation of Fremont, Calif. This type of etch reactor is further described in the following U.S. patents, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: U.S. Pat. No. 8,552,334, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,841,943.

Various reactant options are available to etch the features into the dielectric material. In certain cases, the etching chemistry includes one or more fluorocarbons. In these or other cases, the etching chemistry may include other etchants such as NF₃. One or more co-reactants may also be provided. In some cases oxygen (O₂) is provided as a co-reactant. The oxygen may help moderate formation of a protective polymer sidewall coating (e.g., the first sidewall coating 304 of FIGS. 3A-3D).

In certain implementations, the etching chemistry includes a combination of fluorocarbons and oxygen. For instance, in one example the etching chemistry includes C₄F₆, C₄F₈, N₂, CO, CF₄, and O₂. Other conventional etching chemistries may also be used, as may non-conventional chemistries. The fluorocarbons may flow at a rate between about 0-500 sccm, for example between about 10-200 sccm. Where C₄F₆ and C₄F₈ are used, the flow of C₄F₆ may range between about 10-200 sccm and the flow of C₄F₈ may range between about 10-200 sccm. The flow of oxygen may range between about 0-500 sccm, for example between about 10-200 sccm. The flow of nitrogen may range between about 0-500 sccm, for example between about 10-200 sccm. The flow of tetrafluoromethane may range between about 0-500 sccm, for example between about 10-200 sccm. The flow of carbon monoxide may range between about 0-500 sccm, for example between about 10-200 sccm. These rates are appropriate in a reactor volume of approximately 50 liters that is used to process a single 300 mm wafer. The flow rates herein may be scaled as appropriate for reactors of different sizes, and may be scaled linearly based on substrate area for substrates of other sizes.

In some embodiments, the substrate temperature during etching is between about 0-100° C. In some embodiments, the pressure during etching is between about 10-50 mTorr. The ion energy may be relatively high, for example between about 1-10 kV. The ion energy is determined by the applied RF power. In various cases, dual-frequency RF power is used to generate the plasma. Thus, the RF power may include a first frequency component (e.g., about 2 MHz) and a second frequency component (e.g., about 60 MHz). Different powers may be provided at each frequency component. For instance, the first frequency component (e.g., about 2 MHz) may be provided at a power between about 3-6 kW, for example about 5 kW, and the second frequency component (e.g., about 60 MHz) may be provided at a lower power, for example between about 0.5-2 kW, for example about 1 kW. These power levels assume that the RF power is delivered to a single 300 mm wafer. The power levels can be scaled linearly based on substrate area for additional substrates and/or substrates of other sizes (thereby maintaining a uniform power density delivered to the substrate).

Each cycle of the etching process etches the dielectric material to some degree. The distance etched during each cycle may be between about 10-500 nm, for example between about 50-200 nm. The total etch depth will depend on the particular application. For some cases (e.g., DRAM) the total etch depth may be between about 1.5-2 μm. For other cases (e.g., VNAND) the total etch depth may be at least about 3 μm, for example at least about 4 μm. In these or other cases, the total etch depth may be about 5 μm or less.

As explained in the discussion of FIGS. 3A-3D, the etching process can produce a first sidewall coating (e.g., first sidewall coating 304, which may be polymeric). However, the depth of this sidewall coating may limited to the area near the upper portion of the feature, and may not extend all the way down into the feature where the sidewall protection is also needed. Thus, a separate deposition operation is performed, as described herein, to form a sidewall coating that covers substantially the entire depth of the etched feature.

In some processes, the operation of depositing the protective sidewall coating (e.g., the second sidewall coating 310 in FIGS. 3C and 3D) results in the deposition of a first type of film, and the etching operation alters this first type of film to form a second type of film. The second type of film may be more etch resistant than the first type of film. For instance, the deposition operation may involve formation of a boron nitride (BN) film, which is then processed into a boron oxide (BO) film during the etch operation. The inclusion of oxygen in the etch chemistry may at least partially drive this change. The boron oxide film may be particularly resistant to etching, thereby providing very good protection against over-etching the sidewalls.

C. Deposition Process

The deposition process is performed primarily to deposit a protective layer on the sidewalls within the etched features. This protective layer should extend deep into the feature, even in high aspect ratio features. Formation of the protective layer deep within high aspect ratio features may be enabled by reactants that have relatively low sticking coefficients. Further, reaction mechanisms that rely on adsorption-limited deposition (e.g., ALD reactions) can promote formation of the protective layer deep within the etched features. Deposition of the protective layer begins after the feature is partially etched. As noted in the discussion of FIG. 2A, the deposition operation may be cycled with the etching operation to form additional sidewall protection as the feature is etched deeper into the dielectric material.

In some cases, deposition of the protective layer begins at or after the feature is etched to at least about ⅓ of its final depth. In some embodiments, deposition of the protective layer begins once the feature reaches an aspect ratio of at least about 2, at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, or at least about 30. In these or other cases, the deposition may begin before the feature reaches an aspect ratio of about 4, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 30, about 40, or about 50. In some embodiments, deposition begins after the feature is at least about 1 μm deep, or at least about 1.5 μm deep (e.g., in VNAND embodiments where the final feature depth is 3-4 μm). In other embodiments, deposition begins after the feature is at least about 600 nm deep, or at least about 800 nm deep (e.g., in DRAM embodiments where the final feature depth is 1.5-2 μm deep). The optimal time for initiating deposition of the protective layer is immediately before the sidewalls would otherwise become overetched to form a bow. The exact timing of this occurrence depends on the shape of the feature being etched, the material being etched, the chemistry used to etch and to deposit the protective layer, and the process conditions used to etch and deposit the relevant materials.

The protective layer that forms during the deposition process may have various compositions. As explained, the protective layer should penetrate deep into an etched feature, and should be relatively resistant to the etching chemistry used to etch the feature. In various cases, the protective layer may be a metal-containing layer. Other types of protective layers (including but not limited to organic polymeric layers and silicon oxide layers) may also be used, for example as described in the following U.S. patent applications, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/724,574, filed May 28, 2015, and titled “TECHNIQUE TO DEPOSIT SIDEWALL PASSIVATION FOR HIGH ASPECT RATIO CYLINDER ETCH,” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/697,521, filed Apr. 27, 2015, and also titled “TECHNIQUE TO DEPOSIT SIDEWALL PASSIVATION FOR HIGH ASPECT RATIO CYLINDER ETCH.”

Where the protective layer includes boron, a boron-containing reactant may be used. Example boron-containing reactants include, but are not limited to, triisopropyl borate ([(CH₃)₂CHO]₃B), trimethylboron-d₉ (B(CD₃)₃), triphenylborane ((C₆H₅)₃B), and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane ((C₆F₅)₃B). Other examples of boron-containing reactants include boron trichloride (BCl₃), borane (BH₃), diborane (B₂H₆), boron trifluoride (BF₃), and trimethyl borate (B(OCH₃)₃). In a particular example, a boron-containing reactant is selected from the group consisting of: B₂H₆, BCl₃, BF₃, and combinations thereof. Cyclic ALD or ALD-like deposition reactions may deposit the boron-containing protective layer. Alternatively, non-cyclic processes such as bulk CVD deposition may deposit the boron-containing protective layer.

Where the protective film includes nitrogen, a nitrogen-containing reactant may be used. A nitrogen-containing reactant contains at least one nitrogen, for example, nitrogen, ammonia, hydrazine, amines (e.g., amines bearing carbon) such as methylamine, dimethylamine, ethylamine, isopropylamine, t-butylamine, di-t-butylamine, cyclopropylamine, sec-butylamine, cyclobutylamine, isoamylamine, 2-methylbutan-2-amine, trimethylamine, diisopropylamine, diethylisopropylamine, di-t-butylhydrazine, as well as aromatic containing amines such as anilines, pyridines, and benzylamines. Amines may be primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary (for example, tetraalkylammonium compounds). A nitrogen-containing reactant can contain heteroatoms other than nitrogen, for example, hydroxylamine, t-butyloxycarbonyl amine and N-t-butyl hydroxylamine are nitrogen-containing reactants. Other examples include N_(x)O_(y) compounds such as nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), dinitrogen trioxide (N₂O₃), dinitrogen tetroxide (N₂O₄) and/or dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂O₅).

Where the protective film includes oxygen, an oxygen-containing reactant may be used. Examples of oxygen-containing reactants include, but are not limited to, oxygen, ozone, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, dinitrogen trioxide, dinitrogen tetroxide, dinitrogen pentoxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide, sulfur dioxide, oxygen-containing hydrocarbons (C_(x)H_(y)O_(z)), water, formaldehyde, carbonyl sulfide, mixtures thereof, etc.

Where the protective film includes carbon, a carbon-containing reactant may be used. Examples of carbon-containing reactants include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbons (C_(x)H_(y)) oxygen-containing hydrocarbons (C_(x)H_(y)O_(z)), carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, fluorocarbons, etc.

Where the protective film includes metal, a metal-containing reactant may be used. Example metals include, but are not limited to, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, ruthenium, aluminum, iron, and hafnium.

Example aluminum-containing reactants include, but are not limited to, aluminum tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate), triisobutylaluminum, trimethylaluminum, and tris(dimethylamido)aluminum (III), etc.

Example tungsten-containing reactants include, but are not limited to, bis(butylcyclopentadienyl)tungsten(IV) diiodide, bis(tert-butylimino)bis(tert-butylamino)tungsten, bis(tert-butylimino)bis(dimethylamino)tungsten(VI), bis(cyclopentadienyl)tungsten(IV) dichloride, bis(cyclopentadienyl)tungsten(IV) dihydride, bis(isopropylcyclopentadienyl)tungsten(IV) dihydride, cyclopentadienyltungsten(II) tricarbonyl hydride, tetracarbonyl (1,5-cyclooctadiene)tungsten(0), triamminetungsten(IV) tricarbonyl, tungsten hexacarbonyl, etc.

Example titanium-containing reactants include, but are not limited to, bis(tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) dichloride, tetrakis(diethylamido)titanium(IV), tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium(IV), tetrakis(ethylmethylamido)titanium(IV), titanium(IV) diisopropoxidebis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate), titanium(IV) isopropoxide, titanium tetrachloride, etc.

Example tantalum-containing reactants include, but are not limited to, pentakis(dimethylamino)tantalum(V), tantalum(V) ethoxide, tris(diethylamido)(tert-butylimido)tantalum(V), tris(ethylmethylamido)(tert-butylimido)tantalum(V), etc.

Example ruthenium-containing reactants include, but are not limited to, bis(cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium(II), bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium(II), bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium(II), triruthenium dodecacarbonyl, etc.

Example iron-containing reactants include, but are not limited to, [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0), bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iron(II), 1,1′-diethylferrocene, iron(0) pentacarbonyl, iron(III) tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate), etc.

Example hafnium-containing reactants include, but are not limited to, bis(tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)dimethylhafnium(IV), bis(methyl-η5-cyclopentadienyl)dimethylhafnium, bis(methyl-η5-cyclopentadienyl)methoxymethylhafnium, bis(trimethylsilyl)amidohafnium(IV) chloride, dimethylbis(cyclopentadienyl)hafnium(IV), hafnium(IV) tert-butoxide, hafnium isopropoxide isopropanol, tetrakis(diethylamido)hafnium(IV), tetrakis(dimethylamido)hafnium(IV), tetrakis(ethylmethylamido)hafnium(IV), etc.

The disclosed precursors are not intended to be limiting. Other reactants may also be used as known by those of ordinary skill in the art. Frequently, oxygen may be provided along with one or more of the reactants. In some embodiments, a mask layer used to define the features on the substrate may be sensitive to oxidation. Carbon-based mask materials may be particularly sensitive to damage arising from oxidation during the deposition step. Methods for reducing damage to oxidation-sensitive mask materials are discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/697,521, which is incorporated by reference above. In certain embodiments herein, a metal oxide protective layer may be formed using a combination of a metal-containing reactant and carbonyl sulfide (COS). Carbonyl sulfide has been shown to form oxides without damaging oxidation-sensitive mask materials.

In some embodiments, the protective sidewall coating (or one or more sub-layers therein) may be made of a material selected from the group consisting of tungsten nitride, tungsten, titanium nitride, titanium oxide, tantalum, iron boride, and hafnium boride. In some of these embodiments, the protective sidewall coating (or one or more sub-layers therein) may be made of a material selected from the group consisting of tungsten nitride, tungsten, titanium nitride, titanium oxide, tantalum, and tungsten. In a particular example the protective sidewall coating is made of tungsten nitride. In another example the protective sidewall coating is made of two sub-layers, a first sub-layer of tungsten nitride and a second sub-layer of tungsten or another metal.

A few particular examples of reactant combinations will be provided, though these examples are not intended to be limiting. In one example, a tungsten nitride protective sidewall layer (or sub-layer) may be formed using WF₆ and NH₃. In some implementations, a tungsten protective sidewall layer (or sub-layer) may be formed using WF₆ and H₂.

As noted above, the precursor(s) and fragments thereof used to form the protective layer may have relatively low sticking coefficients, thereby enabling the precursors to penetrate deep into the etched features. In some cases, the sticking coefficient of the precursors (at the relevant deposition conditions) may be about 0.05 or less, for example about 0.001 or less. Similarly, the precursor(s) and fragments thereof used to form the protective layer may have a relatively low recombination rate. Species having low recombination rates are better able to penetrate deep into a feature while remaining reactive. The loss coefficient addresses the loss of reactant species due to both recombination and absorption on surfaces. In a number of embodiments, the loss coefficient is relatively low, such that reactant species are able to survive and penetrate deep into high aspect ratio features while remaining reactive. This allows the protective coating to be deposited along a substantial fraction of the length/depth of the partially etched feature. In certain cases the coating may be deposited along the entire length of the feature. In various cases, the loss coefficient may be less than about 0.005.

The reaction mechanism may be cyclic (e.g., ALD) or continuous (e.g., CVD). Any method that results in the formation of the protective sidewall film at high aspect ratios may be used. As mentioned, ALD reactions may be particularly well suited for this purpose due to their conformality and adsorption-limited properties. However, other types of reactions may be used so long as the film is able to form at high aspect ratios to protect the sidewalls deep in an etched feature. The basic operations for ALD and CVD reactions are described above in relation to operation 205 of FIG. 2A. Briefly, ALD reactions involve cyclically performing the following operations: (a) delivery of a first reactant to form an adsorbed precursor layer, (b) an optional purge operation to remove the first reactant from the reaction chamber, (c) delivery of a second reactant, and reaction between the first and second reactants on the substrate, (d) optional purge to remove excess reactant, and (e) repeating (a)-(d) until the film reaches a desired thickness. Because the reactants are provided at separate times and the reaction is a surface reaction, the method may be adsorption limited to some degree. This results in the formation of very conformal films that can line entire recessed features. By contrast, CVD methods typically involve gas phase reactions where reactant(s) are delivered to the substrate in a continuous (non-cyclic) manner. Some CVD methods can be carried out with a relatively high degree of conformality.

The following reaction conditions may be used in certain embodiments where the deposition reaction occurs through plasma assisted ALD methods. The substrate temperature may be maintained between about 0-500° C., for example between about 20-200° C. The pressure may be maintained as low as about 100 or 200 mTorr and as high as about 1, 2, or 3 Torr. The ion energy may be relatively low, for example below about 1 kV. The RF frequency used to generate the plasma may be about 60 MHz, though other frequencies may also be used. The RF power may be a few hundred Watts, for example about 500 W or less (e.g., about 7100 W/m² or less), about 400 W or less (e.g., about 7100 W/m² or less), or about 300 W or less (e.g., about 7100 W/m² or less). The reported power levels assume that the power is delivered to a single 300 mm wafer, the power scaling linearly based on substrate area for additional or differently sized substrates. During each ALD cycle, the adsorbing reactant may be delivered for a duration between about 0.5-20 seconds, at a flow rate between about 50-1000 sccm. The first purge may have a duration between about 0-60 seconds. The plasma may be exposed to the substrate for a duration between about 0.5-120 seconds, with a flow rate of a reactant (excluding any inert gas provided along with the reactant) between about 50-1000 sccm. A flow rate of hydrogen during the plasma exposure may be between about 0-1000 sccm. The post-RF purge may have a duration between about 0-60 seconds.

The following reaction conditions may be used in various embodiments where the deposition reaction occurs through thermal (non-plasma) ALD methods. The substrate temperature may be maintained between about 150-500° C., for example between about 250-400° C. The pressure may be maintained as low as about 100 or 200 mTorr, and as high as about 1, 2 or 3 Torr. During each ALD cycle, the adsorbing reactant may be delivered for a duration between about 0.15-20 seconds, at a flow rate between about 50-1000 sccm. The first purge may have a duration between about 0-60 seconds. The plasma may be exposed to the substrate for a duration between about 0.15-120 seconds, with a flow rate of a reactant (excluding any inert gas provided along with the reactant) between about 50-1000 sccm. The second purge may have a duration between about 0-60 seconds.

The following reaction conditions may be used in certain embodiments where the deposition reaction occurs through plasma assisted CVD methods. The substrate temperature may be maintained between about 0-500° C., for example between about 20-200° C. The pressure may be maintained between about 100-3000 mT. The RF frequency used to generate the plasma may be 2-60 MHz. The RF power used to generate the plasma may be between about 50-2000 W (e.g. between about 700-28,000 W/m²), for example between about 100-800 W (e.g., between about 1,400-11,300 W/m²). The duration of the reactant delivery and plasma exposure may be between about 1-180 seconds. The flow rates depend on the particular reactants.

The following reaction conditions may be used in certain embodiments where the deposition reaction occurs through thermal (non-plasma) CVD methods. The substrate temperature may be maintained between about −10-500° C., for example between about 20-300° C. The pressure may be maintained between about 100-3000 mT. The duration of the reactant delivery may be between about 1-180 seconds. The flow rates depend on the particular reactants. The ALD and CVD reaction conditions are provided as guidance and are not intended to be limiting.

Certain metal-containing films may be particularly well suited for deposition through CVD methods. Such films may be formed with a relatively high degree of conformality compared to many other CVD-deposited films. Examples of metal-containing films that can be deposited conformally include iron boride (Fe_(x)B_(y), e.g., FeB and Fe₂B), hafnium diboride (HfB₂), and titanium diboride (TiB₂). Such films are further described in the following publications, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety: Highly conformal film growth by chemical vapor deposition. II. Conformality enhancement through growth inhibition, A. Yanguas-Gil, et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 27, 1244 (2009); and CVD Growth Kinetics of HfB₂ Thin Films from the Single-Source Precursor Hf(BH₄)₄, Yu Yang, et al., Chem. Mater., 2006, 18, 5088-5096.

In certain embodiments where plasma is used, the plasma may be a capacitively coupled plasma. In some other embodiments, the plasma may be an inductively coupled plasma, a remotely generated plasma, a microwave plasma, etc. In some implementations, the plasma is a capacitively coupled plasma generated at one or more frequencies as mentioned above. The frequency or frequencies used to generate the plasma may include low frequency (LF) components and/or high frequency (HF) components. In some cases only HF frequencies are used during particular processing steps where plasma is present.

V. Apparatus

The methods described herein may be performed by any suitable apparatus or combination of apparatus. A suitable apparatus includes hardware for accomplishing the process operations and a system controller having instructions for controlling process operations in accordance with the present invention. For example, in some embodiments, the hardware may include one or more process stations included in a process tool. One process station may be an etching station and another process station may be a deposition station. In another embodiment, etching and deposition occur in a single station/chamber.

FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate an embodiment of an adjustable gap capacitively coupled confined RF plasma reactor 400 that may be used for performing the etching operations described herein. As depicted, a vacuum chamber 402 includes a chamber housing 404, surrounding an interior space housing a lower electrode 406. In an upper portion of the chamber 402 an upper electrode 408 is vertically spaced apart from the lower electrode 406. Planar surfaces of the upper and lower electrodes 408, 406 are substantially parallel and orthogonal to the vertical direction between the electrodes. Preferably the upper and lower electrodes 408, 406 are circular and coaxial with respect to a vertical axis. A lower surface of the upper electrode 408 faces an upper surface of the lower electrode 406. The spaced apart facing electrode surfaces define an adjustable gap 410 therebetween. During operation, the lower electrode 406 is supplied RF power by an RF power supply (match) 420. RF power is supplied to the lower electrode 406 though an RF supply conduit 422, an RF strap 424 and an RF power member 426. A grounding shield 436 may surround the RF power member 426 to provide a more uniform RF field to the lower electrode 406. As described in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,732,728, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference, a wafer is inserted through wafer port 482 and supported in the gap 410 on the lower electrode 406 for processing, a process gas is supplied to the gap 410 and excited into plasma state by the RF power. The upper electrode 408 can be powered or grounded.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 4A-4C, the lower electrode 406 is supported on a lower electrode support plate 416. An insulator ring 414 interposed between the lower electrode 406 and the lower electrode Support plate 416 insulates the lower electrode 406 from the support plate 416.

An RF bias housing 430 supports the lower electrode 406 on an RF bias housing bowl 432. The bowl 432 is connected through an opening in a chamber wall plate 418 to a conduit support plate 438 by an arm 434 of the RF bias housing 430. In a preferred embodiment, the RF bias housing bowl 432 and RF bias housing arm 434 are integrally formed as one component, however, the arm 434 and bowl 432 can also be two separate components bolted or joined together.

The RF bias housing arm 434 includes one or more hollow passages for passing RF power and facilities, such as gas coolant, liquid coolant, RF energy, cables for lift pin control, electrical monitoring and actuating signals from outside the vacuum chamber 402 to inside the vacuum chamber 402 at a space on the backside of the lower electrode 406. The RF supply conduit 422 is insulated from the RF bias housing arm 434, the RF bias housing arm 434 providing a return path for RF power to the RF power supply 420. A facilities conduit 440 provides a passageway for facility components. Further details of the facility components are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,948,704 and 7,732,728 and are not shown here for simplicity of description. The gap 410 is preferably surrounded by a confinement ring assembly or shroud (not shown), details of which can be found in commonly owned published U.S. Pat. No. 7,740,736 herein incorporated by reference. The interior of the vacuum chamber 402 is maintained at a low pressure by connection to a vacuum pump through vacuum portal 480.

The conduit support plate 438 is attached to an actuation mechanism 442. Details of an actuation mechanism are described in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,732,728 incorporated herein by above. The actuation mechanism 442, such as a servo mechanical motor, stepper motor or the like is attached to a vertical linear bearing 444, for example, by a screw gear 446 such as a ball screw and motor for rotating the ball screw. During operation to adjust the size of the gap 410, the actuation mechanism 442 travels along the vertical linear bearing 444. FIG. 4A illustrates the arrangement when the actuation mechanism 442 is at a high position on the linear bearing 444 resulting in a small gap 410 a. FIG. 4B illustrates the arrangement when the actuation mechanism 442 is at a mid position on the linear bearing 444. As shown, the lower electrode 406, the RF bias housing 430, the conduit support plate 438, the RF power supply 420 have all moved lower with respect to the chamber housing 404 and the upper electrode 408, resulting in a medium size gap 410 b.

FIG. 4C illustrates a large gap 410 c when the actuation mechanism 442 is at a low position on the linear bearing. Preferably, the upper and lower electrodes 408, 406 remain coaxial during the gap adjustment and the facing surfaces of the upper and lower electrodes across the gap remain parallel.

This embodiment allows the gap 410 between the lower and upper electrodes 406, 408 in the CCP chamber 402 during multi-step process recipes (BARC, HARC, and STRIP etc.) to be adjusted, for example, in order to maintain uniform etch across a large diameter substrate such as 300 mm wafers or flat panel displays. In particular, this chamber pertains to a mechanical arrangement that permits the linear motion necessary to provide the adjustable gap between lower and upper electrodes 406, 408.

FIG. 4A illustrates laterally deflected bellows 450 sealed at a proximate end to the conduit support plate 438 and at a distal end to a stepped flange 428 of chamber wall plate 418. The inner diameter of the stepped flange defines an opening 412 in the chamber wall plate 418 through which the RF bias housing arm 434 passes. The distal end of the bellows 450 is clamped by a clamp ring 452.

The laterally deflected bellows 450 provides a vacuum seal while allowing vertical movement of the RF bias housing 430, conduit support plate 438 and actuation mechanism 442. The RF bias housing 430, conduit support plate 438 and actuation mechanism 442 can be referred to as a cantilever assembly. Preferably, the RF power supply 420 moves with the cantilever assembly and can be attached to the conduit support plate 438. FIG. 4B shows the bellows 450 in a neutral position when the cantilever assembly is at a mid position. FIG. 4C shows the bellows 450 laterally deflected when the cantilever assembly is at a low position.

A labyrinth seal 448 provides a particle barrier between the bellows 450 and the interior of the plasma processing chamber housing 404. A fixed shield 456 is immovably attached to the inside inner wall of the chamber housing 404 at the chamber wall plate 418 so as to provide a labyrinth groove 460 (slot) in which a movable shield plate 458 moves vertically to accommodate vertical movement of the cantilever assembly. The outer portion of the movable shield plate 458 remains in the slot at all vertical positions of the lower electrode 406.

In the embodiment shown, the labyrinth seal 448 includes a fixed shield 456 attached to an inner surface of the chamber wall plate 418 at a periphery of the opening 412 in the chamber wall plate 418 defining a labyrinth groove 460. The movable shield plate 458 is attached and extends radially from the RF bias housing arm 434 where the arm 434 passes through the opening 412 in the chamber wall plate 418. The movable shield plate 458 extends into the labyrinth groove 460 while spaced apart from the fixed shield 456 by a first gap and spaced apart from the interior surface of the chamber wall plate 418 by a second gap allowing the cantilevered assembly to move vertically. The labyrinth seal 448 blocks migration of particles spalled from the bellows 450 from entering the vacuum chamber interior 405 and blocks radicals from process gas plasma from migrating to the bellows 450 where the radicals can form deposits which are subsequently spalled.

FIG. 4A shows the movable shield plate 458 at a higher position in the labyrinth groove 460 above the RF bias housing arm 434 when the cantilevered assembly is in a high position (small gap 410 a). FIG. 4C shows the movable shield plate 458 at a lower position in the labyrinth groove 460 above the RF bias housing arm 434 when the cantilevered assembly is in a low position (large gap 410 c). FIG. 4B shows the movable shield plate 458 in a neutral or mid position within the labyrinth groove 460 when the cantilevered assembly is in a mid position (medium gap 410 b). While the labyrinth seal 448 is shown as symmetrical about the RF bias housing arm 434, in other embodiments the labyrinth seal 448 may be asymmetrical about the RF bias arm 434.

FIG. 5 provides a simple block diagram depicting various reactor components arranged for implementing deposition methods described herein. As shown, a reactor 500 includes a process chamber 524 that encloses other components of the reactor and serves to contain a plasma generated by a capacitive-discharge type system including a showerhead 514 working in conjunction with a grounded heater block 520. A high frequency (HF) radio frequency (RF) generator 504 and a low frequency (LF) RF generator 502 may be connected to a matching network 506 and to the showerhead 514. The power and frequency supplied by matching network 506 may be sufficient to generate a plasma from process gases supplied to the process chamber 524. For example, the matching network 506 may provide 50 W to 500 W (e.g., 700 to 7,100 W/m²) of HFRF power. In some examples, the matching network 506 may provide 100 W to 5000 W (e.g., 1,400 to 71,000 W/m²) of HFRF power and 100 W to 5000 W (e.g., 1,400 to 71,000 W/m²) of LFRF power total energy. In a typical process, the HFRF component may generally be between 5 MHz to 60 MHz, e.g., 13.56 MHz, about 27 MHz, or about 60 MHz in some cases. In operations where there is an LF component, the LF component may be from about 100 kHz to 2 MHz, e.g., about 430 kHz or about 2 MHz in some cases.

Within the reactor, a wafer pedestal 518 may support a substrate 516. The wafer pedestal 518 may include a chuck, a fork, or lift pins (not shown) to hold and transfer the substrate during and between the deposition and/or plasma treatment reactions. The chuck may be an electrostatic chuck, a mechanical chuck, or various other types of chuck as are available for use in the industry and/or for research.

Various process gases may be introduced via inlet 512. Multiple source gas lines 510 are connected to manifold 508. The gases may be premixed or not. Appropriate valving and mass flow control mechanisms may be employed to ensure that the correct process gases are delivered during the deposition and plasma treatment phases of the process. In the case where a chemical precursor(s) is delivered in liquid form, liquid flow control mechanisms may be employed. Such liquids may then be vaporized and mixed with process gases during transportation in a manifold heated above the vaporization point of the chemical precursor supplied in liquid form before reaching the deposition chamber.

Process gases may exit chamber 524 via an outlet 522. A vacuum pump, e.g., a one or two stage mechanical dry pump and/or turbomolecular pump 540, may be used to draw process gases out of the process chamber 524 and to maintain a suitably low pressure within the process chamber 524 by using a closed-loop-controlled flow restriction device, such as a throttle valve or a pendulum valve.

As discussed above, the techniques for deposition discussed herein may be implemented on a multi-station or single station tool. In specific implementations, a 300 mm Lam Vector™ tool having a 4-station deposition scheme or a 200 mm Sequel™ tool having a 6-station deposition scheme may be used. In some implementations, tools for processing 450 mm wafers may be used. In various implementations, the wafers may be indexed after every deposition and/or post-deposition plasma treatment, or may be indexed after etching operations if the etching chambers or stations are also part of the same tool, or multiple depositions and treatments may be conducted at a single station before indexing the wafer.

In some embodiments, an apparatus may be provided that is configured to perform the techniques described herein. A suitable apparatus may include hardware for performing various process operations as well as a system controller 530 having instructions for controlling process operations in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. The system controller 530 will typically include one or more memory devices and one or more processors communicatively connected with various process control equipment, e.g., valves, RF generators, wafer handling systems, etc., and configured to execute the instructions so that the apparatus will perform a technique in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. Machine-readable media containing instructions for controlling process operations in accordance with the present disclosure may be coupled to the system controller 530. The system controller 530 may be communicatively connected with various hardware devices, e.g., mass flow controllers, valves, RF generators, vacuum pumps, etc. to facilitate control of the various process parameters that are associated with the deposition operations as described herein.

In some embodiments, a system controller 530 may control all of the activities of the reactor 500. The system controller 530 may execute system control software stored in a mass storage device, loaded into a memory device, and executed on a processor. The system control software may include instructions for controlling the timing of gas flows, wafer movement, RF generator activation, etc., as well as instructions for controlling the mixture of gases, the chamber and/or station pressure, the chamber and/or station temperature, the wafer temperature, the target power levels, the RF power levels, the substrate pedestal, chuck, and/or susceptor position, and other parameters of a particular process performed by the reactor apparatus 500. The system control software may be configured in any suitable way. For example, various process tool component subroutines or control objects may be written to control operation of the process tool components necessary to carry out various process tool processes. The system control software may be coded in any suitable computer readable programming language.

The system controller 530 may typically include one or more memory devices and one or more processors configured to execute the instructions so that the apparatus will perform a technique in accordance with the present disclosure. Machine-readable media containing instructions for controlling process operations in accordance with disclosed embodiments may be coupled to the system controller 530.

One or more process stations may be included in a multi-station processing tool. FIG. 6 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of a multi-station processing tool 600 with an inbound load lock 602 and an outbound load lock 604, either or both of which may include a remote plasma source. A robot 606, at atmospheric pressure, is configured to move wafers from a cassette loaded through a pod 608 into inbound load lock 602 via an atmospheric port 610. A wafer is placed by the robot 606 on a pedestal 612 in the inbound load lock 602, the atmospheric port 610 is closed, and the load lock is pumped down. Where the inbound load lock 602 includes a remote plasma source, the wafer may be exposed to a remote plasma treatment in the load lock prior to being introduced into a processing chamber 614. Further, the wafer also may be heated in the inbound load lock 602 as well, for example, to remove moisture and adsorbed gases. Next, a chamber transport port 616 to processing chamber 614 is opened, and another robot (not shown) places the wafer into the reactor on a pedestal of a first station shown in the reactor for processing. While the embodiment depicted includes load locks, it will be appreciated that, in some embodiments, direct entry of a wafer into a process station may be provided.

The depicted processing chamber 614 includes four process stations, numbered from 1 to 4 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 6. Each station has a heated pedestal (shown at 618 for station 1), and gas line inlets. It will be appreciated that in some embodiments, each process station may have different or multiple purposes. For example, each of the process stations 1-4 may be a chamber for performing one or more of ALD, CVD, CFD, or etching (any of which may be plasma assisted). In one embodiment, at least one of the process stations is a deposition station having a reaction chamber as shown in FIG. 5, and at least one of the other process stations is an etching station having a reaction chamber as shown in FIGS. 4A-4C. While the depicted processing chamber 614 includes four stations, it will be understood that a processing chamber according to the present disclosure may have any suitable number of stations. For example, in some embodiments, a processing chamber may have five or more stations, while in other embodiments a processing chamber may have three or fewer stations.

FIG. 6 also depicts an embodiment of a wafer handling system 609 for transferring wafers within processing chamber 614. In some embodiments, wafer handling system 609 may transfer wafers between various process stations and/or between a process station and a load lock. It will be appreciated that any suitable wafer handling system may be employed. Non-limiting examples include wafer carousels and wafer handling robots. FIG. 6 also depicts an embodiment of a system controller 650 employed to control process conditions and hardware states of process tool 600. System controller 650 may include one or more memory devices 656, one or more mass storage devices 654, and one or more processors 652. Processor 652 may include a CPU or computer, analog and/or digital input/output connections, stepper motor controller boards, etc.

In some implementations, a controller is part of a system, which may be part of the above-described examples. Such systems can comprise semiconductor processing equipment, including a processing tool or tools, chamber or chambers, a platform or platforms for processing, and/or specific processing components (a wafer pedestal, a gas flow system, etc.). These systems may be integrated with electronics for controlling their operation before, during, and after processing of a semiconductor wafer or substrate. The electronics may be referred to as the “controller,” which may control various components or subparts of the system or systems. The controller, depending on the processing requirements and/or the type of system, may be programmed to control any of the processes disclosed herein, including the delivery of processing gases, temperature settings (e.g., heating and/or cooling), pressure settings, vacuum settings, power settings, radio frequency (RF) generator settings, RF matching circuit settings, frequency settings, flow rate settings, fluid delivery settings, positional and operation settings, wafer transfers into and out of a tool and other transfer tools and/or load locks connected to or interfaced with a specific system.

Broadly speaking, the controller may be defined as electronics having various integrated circuits, logic, memory, and/or software that receive instructions, issue instructions, control operation, enable cleaning operations, enable endpoint measurements, and the like. The integrated circuits may include chips in the form of firmware that store program instructions, digital signal processors (DSPs), chips defined as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and/or one or more microprocessors, or microcontrollers that execute program instructions (e.g., software). Program instructions may be instructions communicated to the controller in the form of various individual settings (or program files), defining operational parameters for carrying out a particular process on or for a semiconductor wafer or to a system. The operational parameters may, in some embodiments, be part of a recipe defined by process engineers to accomplish one or more processing operations during the fabrication of one or more layers, materials, metals, oxides, silicon, silicon dioxide, surfaces, circuits, and/or dies of a wafer.

The controller, in some implementations, may be a part of or coupled to a computer that is integrated with, coupled to the system, otherwise networked to the system, or a combination thereof. For example, the controller may be in the “cloud” or all or a part of a fab host computer system, which can allow for remote access of the wafer processing. The computer may enable remote access to the system to monitor current progress of fabrication operations, examine a history of past fabrication operations, examine trends or performance metrics from a plurality of fabrication operations, to change parameters of current processing, to set processing operations to follow a current processing, or to start a new process. In some examples, a remote computer (e.g. a server) can provide process recipes to a system over a network, which may include a local network or the Internet. The remote computer may include a user interface that enables entry or programming of parameters and/or settings, which are then communicated to the system from the remote computer. In some examples, the controller receives instructions in the form of data, which specify parameters for each of the processing operations to be performed during one or more operations. It should be understood that the parameters may be specific to the type of process to be performed and the type of tool that the controller is configured to interface with or control. Thus as described above, the controller may be distributed, such as by comprising one or more discrete controllers that are networked together and working towards a common purpose, such as the processes and controls described herein. An example of a distributed controller for such purposes would be one or more integrated circuits on a chamber in communication with one or more integrated circuits located remotely (such as at the platform level or as part of a remote computer) that combine to control a process on the chamber.

Without limitation, example systems may include a plasma etch chamber or module, a deposition chamber or module, a spin-rinse chamber or module, a metal plating chamber or module, a clean chamber or module, a bevel edge etch chamber or module, a physical vapor deposition (PVD) chamber or module, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber or module, an atomic layer deposition (ALD) chamber or module, an atomic layer etch (ALE) chamber or module, an ion implantation chamber or module, a track chamber or module, and any other semiconductor processing systems that may be associated or used in the fabrication and/or manufacturing of semiconductor wafers.

As noted above, depending on the process operation or operations to be performed by the tool, the controller might communicate with one or more of other tool circuits or modules, other tool components, cluster tools, other tool interfaces, adjacent tools, neighboring tools, tools located throughout a factory, a main computer, another controller, or tools used in material transport that bring containers of wafers to and from tool locations and/or load ports in a semiconductor manufacturing factory.

In certain embodiments, the controller has instructions to perform the operations shown and described in relation to FIG. 2A. For example, the controller may have instructions to cyclically (a) perform an etching operation to partially etch a feature on a substrate, and (b) deposit a protective sidewall coating in the etched feature without substantially etching the substrate. The instructions may relate to performing these processes using the disclosed reaction conditions. The instructions may also relate to transferring the substrate between etching and deposition chambers in some implementations.

Returning to the embodiment of FIG. 6, in some embodiments, system controller 650 controls all of the activities of process tool 600. System controller 650 executes system control software 658 stored in mass storage device 654, loaded into memory device 656, and executed on processor 652. Alternatively, the control logic may be hard coded in the system controller 650. Applications Specific Integrated Circuits, Programmable Logic Devices (e.g., field-programmable gate arrays, or FPGAs) and the like may be used for these purposes. In the following discussion, wherever “software” or “code” is used, functionally comparable hard coded logic may be used in its place. System control software 658 may include instructions for controlling the timing, mixture of gases, chamber and/or station pressure, chamber and/or station temperature, wafer temperature, target power levels, RF power levels, RF exposure time, substrate pedestal, chuck and/or susceptor position, and other parameters of a particular process performed by process tool 600. System control software 658 may be configured in any suitable way. For example, various process tool component subroutines or control objects may be written to control operation of the process tool components necessary to carry out various process tool processes. System control software 658 may be coded in any suitable computer readable programming language.

In some embodiments, system control software 658 may include input/output control (IOC) sequencing instructions for controlling the various parameters described above. For example, each phase of a CFD process may include one or more instructions for execution by system controller 650. The instructions for setting process conditions for an ALD process phase may be included in a corresponding ALD recipe phase. In some embodiments, the ALD recipe phases may be sequentially arranged, so that all instructions for an ALD process phase are executed concurrently with that process phase.

Other computer software and/or programs stored on mass storage device 654 and/or memory device 656 associated with system controller 650 may be employed in some embodiments. Examples of programs or sections of programs for this purpose include a substrate positioning program, a process gas control program, a pressure control program, a heater control program, and a plasma control program.

A substrate positioning program may include program code for process tool components that are used to load the substrate onto pedestal 618 and to control the spacing between the substrate and other parts of process tool 600.

A process gas control program may include code for controlling gas composition and flow rates and optionally for flowing gas into one or more process stations prior to deposition in order to stabilize the pressure in the process station. In some embodiments, the controller includes instructions for cyclically (a) etching recessed features, and (b) depositing a metal-containing protective layer on sidewalls of the partially etched features, including appropriate instructions regarding flow of various process gasses.

A pressure control program may include code for controlling the pressure in the process station by regulating, for example, a throttle valve in the exhaust system of the process station, a gas flow into the process station, etc. In some embodiments, a pressure control program may include instructions for maintaining the reaction chamber(s) at appropriate pressure levels during the various stages of the etching/deposition methods as described herein.

A heater control program may include code for controlling the current to a heating unit that is used to heat the substrate. Alternatively, the heater control program may control delivery of a heat transfer gas (such as helium) to the substrate. In certain implementations, the controller includes instructions for etching the substrate at a first temperature and depositing a protective metal-containing sidewall coating at a second temperature.

A plasma control program may include code for setting RF power levels and exposure times in one or more process stations in accordance with the embodiments herein. In some embodiments, the controller includes instructions for controlling plasma characteristics during etching and/or deposition of a metal-containing protective sidewall coating. The instructions may relate to appropriate power levels, frequencies, duty cycles, etc.

In some embodiments, there may be a user interface associated with system controller 650. The user interface may include a display screen, graphical software displays of the apparatus and/or process conditions, and user input devices such as pointing devices, keyboards, touch screens, microphones, etc.

In some embodiments, parameters adjusted by system controller 650 may relate to process conditions. Non-limiting examples include process gas composition and flow rates, temperature, pressure, plasma conditions (such as RF bias power levels and exposure times), etc. These parameters may be provided to the user in the form of a recipe, which may be entered utilizing the user interface.

Signals for monitoring the process may be provided by analog and/or digital input connections of system controller 650 from various process tool sensors. The signals for controlling the process may be output on the analog and digital output connections of process tool 600. Non-limiting examples of process tool sensors that may be monitored include mass flow controllers, pressure sensors (such as manometers), thermocouples, etc. Appropriately programmed feedback and control algorithms may be used with data from these sensors to maintain process conditions.

System controller 650 may provide program instructions for implementing the above-described deposition processes. The program instructions may control a variety of process parameters, such as DC power level, RF bias power level, pressure, temperature, etc. The instructions may control the parameters to operate in-situ deposition of film stacks according to various embodiments described herein.

The system controller will typically include one or more memory devices and one or more processors configured to execute the instructions so that the apparatus will perform a method in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. Machine-readable, non-transitory media containing instructions for controlling process operations in accordance with the disclosed embodiments may be coupled to the system controller.

The various hardware and method embodiments described above may be used in conjunction with lithographic patterning tools or processes, for example, for the fabrication or manufacture of semiconductor devices, displays, LEDs, photovoltaic panels and the like. Typically, though not necessarily, such tools/processes will be used or conducted together in a common fabrication facility.

FIG. 7 depicts a semiconductor process cluster architecture with various modules that interface with a vacuum transfer module 738 (VTM). The arrangement of transfer modules to “transfer” substrates among multiple storage facilities and processing modules may be referred to as a “cluster tool architecture” system. Airlock 730, also known as a loadlock or transfer module, is shown in VTM 738 with four processing modules 720 a-720 d, which may be individual optimized to perform various fabrication processes. By way of example, processing modules 720 a-720 d may be implemented to perform substrate etching, deposition, ion implantation, substrate cleaning, sputtering, and/or other semiconductor processes as well as laser metrology and other defect detection and defect identification methods. One or more of the processing modules (any of 720 a-720 d) may be implemented as disclosed herein, i.e., for etching recessed features into substrates, depositing protective films (or sub-layers therein) on sidewalls of recessed features, and other suitable functions in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. Airlock 730 and process modules 720 a-720 d may be referred to as “stations.” Each station has a facet 736 that interfaces the station to VTM 738. Inside the facets, sensors 1-18 are used to detect the passing of substrate 726 when moved between respective stations.

In one example, processing module 720 a may be configured for etching and processing module 720 b may be configured for deposition. In another example, processing module 720 a may be configured for etching, processing module 720 b may be configured to deposit a first sub-layer of the protective sidewall coating, and processing module 720 c may be configured to deposit a second sub-layer of the protective sidewall coating.

Robot 722 transfers substrates between stations. In one implementation, the robot may have one arm, and in another implementation, the robot may have two arms, where each arm has an end effector 724 to pick substrates for transport. Front-end robot 732, in atmospheric transfer module (ATM) 740, may be used to transfer substrates from cassette or Front Opening Unified Pod (FOUP) 734 in Load Port Module (LPM) 742 to airlock 730. Module center 728 inside process modules 720 a-720 d may be one location for placing the substrate. Aligner 744 in ATM 740 may be used to align substrates.

In an exemplary processing method, a substrate is placed in one of the FOUPs 734 in the LPM 742. Front-end robot 732 transfers the substrate from the FOUP 734 to the aligner 744, which allows the substrate 726 to be properly centered before it is etched, or deposited upon, or otherwise processed. After being aligned, the substrate is moved by the front-end robot 732 into an airlock 730. Because airlock modules have the ability to match the environment between an ATM and a VTM, the substrate is able to move between the two pressure environments without being damaged. From the airlock module 730, the substrate is moved by robot 722 through VTM 738 and into one of the process modules 720 a-720 d, for example process module 720 a. In order to achieve this substrate movement, the robot 722 uses end effectors 724 on each of its arms. In process module 720 a, the substrate undergoes etching as described herein to form a partially etched feature. Next, the robot 722 moves the substrate out of processing module 720 a, into the VTM 738, and then into a different processing module 720 b. In processing module 720 b, a protective film is deposited on sidewalls of the partially etched feature. Then, the robot 722 moves the substrate out of processing module 720 b, into the VTM 738, and into processing module 720 a, where the partially etched feature is further etched. The etching/deposition can be repeated until the feature is fully etched.

It should be noted that the computer controlling the substrate movement can be local to the cluster architecture, or can be located external to the cluster architecture in the manufacturing floor, or in a remote location and connected to the cluster architecture via a network.

Lithographic patterning of a film typically comprises some or all of the following operations, each operation enabled with a number of possible tools: (1) application of photoresist on a workpiece, e.g., a substrate having a silicon nitride film formed thereon, using a spin-on or spray-on tool; (2) curing of photoresist using a hot plate or furnace or other suitable curing tool; (3) exposing the photoresist to visible or UV or x-ray light with a tool such as a wafer stepper; (4) developing the resist so as to selectively remove resist and thereby pattern it using a tool such as a wet bench or a spray developer; (5) transferring the resist pattern into an underlying film or workpiece by using a dry or plasma-assisted etching tool; and (6) removing the resist using a tool such as an RF or microwave plasma resist stripper. In some embodiments, an ashable hard mask layer (such as an amorphous carbon layer) and another suitable hard mask (such as an antireflective layer) may be deposited prior to applying the photoresist.

It is to be understood that the configurations and/or approaches described herein are exemplary in nature, and that these specific embodiments or examples are not to be considered in a limiting sense, because numerous variations are possible. The specific routines or methods described herein may represent one or more of any number of processing strategies. As such, various acts illustrated may be performed in the sequence illustrated, in other sequences, in parallel, or in some cases omitted. Likewise, the order of the above described processes may be changed.

The subject matter of the present disclosure includes all novel and nonobvious combinations and sub-combinations of the various processes, systems and configurations, and other features, functions, acts, and/or properties disclosed herein, as well as any and all equivalents thereof.

EXPERIMENTAL

Various experimental results have shown that the disclosed methods may be used to etch high quality features into substrates, even at very high aspect ratios. The results show that metal-containing films provide particularly good sidewall protection during the etch stages, and result in improved vertical etch rates compared to other kinds of sidewall passivation films that have been used. Further, the features etched according to the disclosed embodiments have more uniform profiles (e.g., more uniform critical dimension throughout the feature) compared to features etched according to conventional techniques.

FIG. 8A presents experimental results related to a cyclic etching method involving (a) partially etching features, and (b) deposition of a tungsten nitride (WN) protective sidewall coating, for example as laid out in relation to FIG. 2A. In this experiment, the WN sidewall coating was deposited using thermal ALD techniques. The WN was deposited by cyclically exposing the substrate to different reactants while maintaining the substrate at a temperature of about 300° C. and a pressure of about 3 Torr. The etching operations were carried out in a reaction chamber from the FLEX™ Product Family and the deposition operations were carried out in a DirectFill™ Max reaction chamber from the ALTUS® Product Family, both available from Lam Research Corporation of Fremont, Calif.

The results in FIG. 8A show that the WN protective sidewall coating can be deposited with a reasonable degree of conformality, even at very high aspect ratios. For example, at an aspect ratio of about 7, the sidewall thickness was between about 7 and 8 nm. The sidewall thickness did not drop below about 7 nm until the aspect ratio reached about 30. Even at an aspect ratio as high as about 44, the sidewall thickness was still above 5 nm. In other words, although the sidewall coating was not perfectly conformal, it was surprisingly conformal at high aspect ratios. Various other materials that have previously been used as sidewall coatings (e.g., silicon oxide, silicon boride, organic polymers, etc.) have generally shown less conformality, particularly at high aspect ratios. Without wishing to be bound by theory or mechanism of action, it is believed that metal-containing protective sidewall coatings promote superior etch results compared to previously used materials. The improved results may arise from one or more of a variety of factors including, but not limited to, greater degree of conformality, increased conductivity and reduced charging effects within features, higher resistance of the protective sidewall coating to the etch process, and/or modification of surface chemical reactivity and catalysis on the sidewalls of the partially etched features.

FIGS. 8B and 8C illustrate experimental results comparing two etching methods. In a first etching method, the features were etched in a cyclic process that involved (a) partially etching the features, and (b) depositing a tungsten nitride protective sidewall coating within the features. In a second etching method, the features were etched without depositing any protective sidewall coatings. In the first method, the etching and deposition operations were carried out in separate reaction chambers, and the test substrate was moved back and forth between the reaction chambers as needed. In the second method, the test substrate was moved/transferred in a similar fashion to the first method, but no deposition was ever done on the test substrate. This movement, while not essential to performing the second method, helps ensure that the test substrates were exposed to similar conditions such that the comparison of results from the two methods represents only the effect of the deposition.

FIG. 8B shows the etch depth vs. time for the two methods. While the etching rates were similar, the method involving deposition of a WN protective sidewall coating showed a somewhat higher etch rate compared to the method that did not involve deposition of any sidewall coating. Similar results have corroborated that metal-containing protective sidewall coatings can be used to achieve higher etching rates.

FIG. 8C shows the maximum CD vs. the etch depth, for a series of tests with different etch times. The maximum CD is measured as the critical dimension at the widest portion of the feature (the bow). For example, a partially etched feature that is 1000 nm deep and 50 nm wide at its widest portion has a maximum CD of about 50 nm. After further etching, this same feature may be about 1500 nm deep, and about 70 nm wide at its widest portion. At this etch depth (1500 nm), the feature has a maximum CD of 70 nm. These values are provided as context for understanding what is shown in FIG. 8C. The maximum CD is shown at different etch depths. The different etch depths are achieved over time (and on different test substrates) as the feature is etched further into the substrate.

The results in FIG. 8C show that where no sidewall coating was deposited, the max CD was about 74 nm, and that where a WN sidewall coating was used, the max CD was only about 67 nm (at the final etch depth). These results suggest that the WN sidewall coating provided improved resistance to lateral etch during the etching operation. This improved etch resistance reduces the likelihood that a portion of the feature will be laterally over-etched to form a bow. Further, the results suggest that any bow that develops will be less severe in cases where sidewall protection is periodically deposited.

FIG. 9 illustrates the critical dimension vs. depth, for a single process test, for features deposited according to the two methods. In a first method, a tungsten nitride protective sidewall coating was applied after a partial etch, and etching continued after deposition of the tungsten nitride protective sidewall coating. In a second method, the features were etched without depositing any protective sidewall coating. The critical dimension on the y-axis of FIG. 9 corresponds to the critical dimension at the corresponding depth shown on the x-axis. This contrasts with the maximum critical dimension shown for various etch depths in FIG. 8C, which corresponds to the maximum critical dimension achieved anywhere in the feature when the feature is etched to the depth shown on the x-axis of FIG. 8C. The results in FIG. 9 show that the feature has a more uniform critical dimension throughout its depth where a tungsten nitride protective sidewall coating is periodically deposited, compared to cases where no such sidewall protection is deposited.

Where no sidewall protection is provided, the critical dimension of the features ranges from about 25.2 nm at the narrowest portion of the feature (the feature bottom) to about 36.2 nm at the widest portion of the feature (about 400 nm from the top of the feature), representing a bow of about 11 nm. Where a WN sidewall coating was periodically deposited, the critical dimension of the features ranged from about 29.0 nm at the narrowest portion of the feature (the feature bottom) to about 36.0 nm at the widest portion of the feature (about 500 nm from the top of the feature), representing a bow of about 7 nm. Periodic deposition of a tungsten nitride protective sidewall coating therefore reduced the degree of bow on the features from about 11 nm to about 7 nm, a reduction of about 36%. Further, deposition of the tungsten nitride protective sidewall coating resulted in a larger critical dimension at the bottom of the feature after etching was complete. When etching high aspect ratio features, the critical dimension at the bottom of the feature is often undesirably small compared to the average critical dimension within the feature. Deposition of the tungsten nitride protective sidewall coating reduced this effect, resulting in a relatively larger critical dimension at the bottom of the feature (compared to cases where no sidewall protection was used), which overall results in a feature having a more uniform critical dimension. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of forming an etched feature in a dielectric-containing stack on a semiconductor substrate, the method comprising: (a) generating a first plasma comprising an etching reactant, exposing the substrate to the first plasma, and partially etching the feature in the dielectric-containing stack; (b) after (a), depositing a protective film on sidewalls of the feature, the protective film comprising a metal, wherein the protective film comprises an electrically conductive film; and (c) repeating (a)-(b) until the feature is etched to a final depth, wherein the protective film deposited in (b) substantially prevents lateral etch of the feature during (a), and wherein the feature has an aspect ratio of about 5 or greater at its final depth.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the protective film comprises a metal nitride, a metal carbide, a metal boride, or a combination thereof.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal in the protective film is selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, ruthenium, aluminum, iron, hafnium, and combinations thereof.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the metal in the protective film is provided as a metal nitride, a metal carbide, a metal boride, or a combination thereof.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the protective film comprises metal nitride.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein (b) comprises depositing the protective film through an atomic layer deposition reaction comprising: (i) exposing the substrate to a first deposition reactant and allowing the first deposition reactant to adsorb onto the sidewalls of the feature; and (ii) after (i), exposing the substrate to a second deposition reactant and reacting the first and second deposition reactants in a surface reaction, thereby forming the protective film on the sidewalls of the feature.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein (b) does not involve plasma.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein (ii) further comprises exposing the substrate to a second plasma comprising the second deposition reactant, wherein exposing the substrate to the second plasma drives a surface reaction between the first deposition reactant and the second deposition reactant, thereby forming the protective film on the sidewalls of the feature.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the protective film comprises at least a first sub-layer and a second sub-layer, the first and second sub-layers being deposited under different conditions.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the first and second sub-layers have different compositions.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the first sub-layer comprises a metal nitride, a metal oxide, a metal carbide, a metal boride, or a combination thereof, and wherein the second sub-layer comprises metal that is substantially in elemental form.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein at the final depth, the feature has an aspect ratio of about 20 or greater, and a bow of about 20% or less.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the feature is formed while forming a VNAND device, and wherein the dielectric-containing stack comprises alternating layers of (i) an oxide material, and (ii) a nitride material or polysilicon material.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the feature is formed while forming a DRAM device, and wherein the dielectric-containing stack comprises layers of silicon oxide and one or more layers of silicon nitride.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein (b) comprises depositing the protective film through a chemical vapor deposition reaction comprising exposing the substrate to a first deposition reactant and a second deposition reactant simultaneously.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein (a) and (b) are repeated at least one time.
 17. An apparatus for forming an etched feature in a dielectric-containing stack on a semiconductor substrate, the apparatus comprising: one or more reaction chambers, wherein at least one reaction chamber is designed or configured to perform etching, and wherein at least one reaction chamber is designed or configured to perform deposition, each reaction chamber comprising: an inlet for introducing process gases to the reaction chamber, and an outlet for removing material from the reaction chamber, and a controller having instructions for: (a) generating a first plasma comprising an etching reactant, exposing the substrate to the first plasma, and partially etching the feature in the dielectric-containing stack, wherein (a) is performed in the reaction chamber designed or configured to perform etching; (b) after (a), depositing a protective film on sidewalls of the feature, wherein the protective film comprises an electrically conductive film, and wherein (b) is performed in the reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition; and (c) repeating (a)-(b) until the feature is etched to a final depth, wherein the protective film deposited in (b) substantially prevents lateral etch of the feature during (a), and wherein the feature has an aspect ratio of about 5 or greater at its final depth.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the reaction chamber designed or configured to perform etching is the same reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition, such that both (a) and (b) occur in the same reaction chamber.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the reaction chamber designed or configured to perform etching is different from the reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition, and wherein the controller further comprises instructions to transfer the substrate under vacuum conditions between the reaction chamber designed or configured to perform etching and the reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the controller has instructions to perform (b) by: (i) depositing a first sub-layer of the protective film on sidewalls of the feature, and (ii) depositing a second sub-layer of the protective film on the first sub-layer of the protective film, the first and second sub-layers each comprising a metal nitride, metal carbide, metal oxide, metal boride, a metal in substantially elemental form, or some combination thereof.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the first sub-layer of the protective film comprises a metal nitride, metal carbide, metal oxide, metal boride, or some combination thereof, and wherein the second sub-layer of the protective film comprises a metal in substantially elemental form.
 22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein two or more reaction chambers are designed or configured to perform deposition, wherein the controller has instructions to deposit the first sub-layer in a first reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition, and to deposit the second sub-layer in a second reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition, and to transfer the substrate from the first reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition to the second reaction chamber designed or configured to perform deposition. 